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bi-stable i.e. it retains the information when the power is off; power is only needed to change

the content. Acreos's elctrochromic display technology uses active matrix addressing as it's

backplane and the contrast is a combination of the contrast of the paper and the

electrochromic material.

2.4.6.3 NTERA, NanoChromics™ Displays (NCD)

NTERA is an Ireland based company co-founded in 1997 by Dr. David M. Corr while

working on his PhD thesis at the University College Dublin [39]. The company has developed

a new technology that they call NanoChromics™ Displays (NCD).

In NCD technology both the properties of Nanoparticles and Electrochromics materials have

been combined. NanoChromic technology exploits some characteristics of electrochemistry

by making special transparent organic compounds (dyes) that have the ability to change color

when a voltage is induced. These organic dyes are attached to nanoparticles of

semiconducting metal oxide electrode with a layer of electrochromic viologen molecules to

produce display [40]. NCD technology is bistable and has white paper reflectivity.

2.4.6.4 Siemens

Siemens researchers "at the Materials & Microsystems Technology Division in Erlangen"

[46] have developed an e-paper, based on redox reaction of electrochromic technology. The

display is produced using plastic films through the simple reel-to-reel process. Further, the

technology is not only restricted to flexible screen but it includes electrically turnable

colorized surfaces [46].

2.4.7 Others

2.4.7.1 Photonic Ink (P-Ink)

Photonic ink (P-Ink) is based on the research at the University of Toronto, Canada and is

presently being commercialized by Opalux a Toronto based company [13]. This technology is

achieved by embedding hundreds of silica spheres (200nm) called photonic crystals in a

spongy electro active polymer, which is sandwiched between transparent electrodes. Applying

a voltage causes an electrolyte fluid to be drawn into the polymer composite making the

polymer to expand. The swelling alters the position and spacing of the crystals thereby

changing their refractive index. By controlling the spacing the pixels can be made to reflect

different colors in the visible spectrum [14]. The diagram below depicts the technology,

where a fluid is poured in (yellow color) to enable the swelling.

Figure 2.8: Cross-section of P-Ink (courtesy of technologyreview [13] and Opalux)

The technology can show vivid colors, better than the present RGB standard used on most

displays and it is also bistable.

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Amazon Kindle D00111 Bedienungsanleitung Seite 13