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2.4.4.4 LC-Tec AB Cholesteric LCD

LC-Tec started research and development into liquid crystal display in 1992 and in the 1995 it

started production in Borlänge Sweden [37]. The company makes LCDs and liquid crystal

shutters but has in past few years started production of bistable displays base on Cholesteric

Liquid Crystal technology [38]. As described earlier in this subsection, the optical effect

produced when light falls on cholesteric LC spirals place between two substrates in the

presence of an electric charge makes a display good enough for ambient reading. The

information available to the authors of this text is that LC-Tec makes 18.1 inches ChLC

displays with resolution 50 dpi [56]. Furthermore, they provide their ChLC as a frontplane for

other display manufacturing companies [55].

2.4.4.5 Zenithal Bistable Device (ZBD) Display Ltd

Born out of QinetiQ [42], the company is dealing with zero power liquid crystal display.

Unlike rubbed polymer in conventional TN LCD the ZBD has a sub-micron relief profile to

give alignment to the liquid crystal [43].ZBD display works with combination of TN (Twisted

Nematic) and HAN (Hybrid Aligned Nematic). As depicted in the figure 2.6, this surface

supports more than two stable states with different tilts. The most important feature of this

technology is Zenithal bistable grating layer, which supports the LC tilts enabling them to

retain an image with zero power thus achieving bistability.

Figure 2.6: Cross-section of ZBD (Image courtesy of ZBD [43])

2.4.4.6 Nanox

Nanox is a subsidiary of the Japanese Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd. The company is engaged in

LCD manufacturing, it has recently expanded into cholesteric liquid crystal displays. To

achieve bistability particles called in-seal-spacer and in-cell-spacer are added to the

cholesteric LC layer [45], which means that zero power is needed to keep written information

on the screen. Nanox claims that its reflective displays have good resolution and a wide [45]

viewing angle.

2.4.5 Transparent Organic Light-Emitting Diode (TOLED)

OLED technology was discovered by Dr. Ching Tang at Eastman Kodak Company in 1985

[17]. The basic principle is to send an electric current through an organic material; this causes

the material to glow light. The color of the light depends on the material used. A Flexible

OLED display is made up of a transparent Cathode layer, an Organic stack containing both

emissive and conductive layer and finally an anode layer. The technology does not require

backlight because the organic material produces the light hence TOLEDs consume less power

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Amazon Kindle D00111 Bedienungsanleitung Seite 11